Post edited 4:34 pm – November 17, 2011 by somrh
One of the anomolies in the EMH lilterature is the fact that high (low) beta stocks tend to underperform (outperform) the market. Since beta has been thought of as a form of risk, this has been a blow to the idea that taking on more risk should, on aggregate, give you a higher return.
David Cowan and Sam Wilderman have issued white paper at GMO (you have to sign up for an account there to view it but doing so is free):
Re-Thinking Risk: What the Beta Puzzle Tells Us about Investing
The author's contend (and provide evidence) that high beta stocks trade at a premium because they offer "leverage with protection". If I open a margin account and buy $200 of SPY with $100, it will magnify my returns but also magnify my losses. High beta stocks, on the other hand, are "convex" (see Exhibit 3 and 4 in the paper) in that they magnify high returns but the effect on losses is not as bad.
This kind of leverage is favorable and people will buy up these kinds of assets giving them a premium.
A similar strategy (see Exhibit 7 for example) is buying a call option which also gives the convex return.
On the other hand low beta stocks give a "concave" return. Upside potential is limited. This has similar characteristics as a put writing strategy on the market.
There's a number of other interesting relationships in the article but you'll have to give it a read and take a look at all of the exhibits. One last one is that of hedge funds. Hedge funds as a class look like the concave low beta (or put writing strategies). So their superior returns, the authors claim, is attributed to the fact that hedge funds take on more downside risk (as a class; they acknowledge individual strategies may vary). See Exhibit 24 for a comparison between hedge funds and a put writing strategy.
As a side note to the hedge funds, zerohedge not long ago posted an article showing Whitney Tilson's performance which looks more like leveraged beta:
Presenting Whitney Tilson's Performance Since Inception Relative To The S&P
So one big question to draw from this: Is your portfolio giving you good returns because you're finding "inefficiencies" or because you're taking on downside risk? That's certainly something to consider.